Detection of any cognitive impairment as part of the Affordable Care Act’s annual wellness visit in primary or other health care settings for adults with pre-existing neuroatypical or neurodivergent conditions (NACs) is challenging. Included here are common adult conditions that affect normative intellectual development and function (such as intellectual disability (ID) and ID with conjoint psychiatric condition), thought, moods, and cognition (such as severe mental illness), communication functions (such as conditions on the autism spectrum and hearing/vision impairments), and brain and motor function (such as cerebral palsy and acquired or traumatic brain injury). 

Current federal guidance for the assessment of cognitive impairment for MCI or dementia do not include information as how to assess such adults. A Neuroatypical Conditions Expert Consultative Panel was tasked with identifying barriers and the special needs and adaptations for examination of adults with NACs. The Expert Panel determined that adults with NACs (1) posed various challenges for clinicians when discriminating current behavior and function from that which was pre-existing; (2) presented issues related to inherent comprehension, oral communication difficulties, motor task performance impediments, or recognition of visuals; and (3) complicated testing when standardized dementia assessment measures were used and benefited from specialized instruments. 

Adults with NACs present with varying degrees of risk for dementia. To increase the accuracy rate in the assessments, clinicians should be more aware of how older age affects each of the NACs, be familiar with expectations for cognitive decline and risk of dementia (and what type) and be facile with adapting testing situations and measures. Expert Panel recommendations included (1) broadening federal guidance to include adaptations of assessment practices to accommodate NACs; (2) enhancing education for clinicians about NACs and how to detect and diagnose MCI or dementia; and (3) expanding research to produce more evidence-based information on assessing NACs for later life adult cognitive diseases/disorders and for planning subsequent post-diagnostic care. 

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